高考化学阿伦尼乌斯公式及应用
一、人物简介：阿伦尼乌斯·斯万特·奥古斯特（1859年2月19日~1927年10月2日）瑞典物理化学家，他奠定了物理化学的基础，主要贡献为：提出电离理论学说和阿伦尼乌斯方程，1903年获得诺贝化学奖。
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二、阿伦尼乌斯方程（Arrhenius Equation）:
1889年，在大量实验结果的基础上，阿伦尼乌斯提出了一个描述温度对化学反应速度的影响的经验公式：
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<p><pre ng-bind-html="message.MMActualContent" tabindex="0" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;"> <span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;visibility: visible;">解释三个问题：</span></span>
<span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;visibility: visible;">1. 为什么温度越高，反应速率越快。</span></span>
<span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;visibility: visible;">2. 为什么升高相同的温度对吸热反应影响更大。</span></span>
<span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;visibility: visible;">3.活化能只针对基元反应，对总反应没有实际意义。</span></span>
<span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;visibility: visible;">另外，对于温度升高反应速率降低的反应又是如何解释的呢？</span></span>
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本题考查了阿伦尼乌斯公式中温度和速率常数的关系，即温度升高，速率常数变大。
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本题考查了阿伦尼乌斯公式中活化能大小决定了温度对速率影响程度的关系，即活化能越大，温度对反应速率的影响程度越大。
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本题依据平行反应活化能的不同，通过调控温度来不同程度改变平行反应的速率，以及利用催化剂的选择性以提高合邻二氯苯的比例。
小结：在以上高考题中，应用阿伦尼乌斯公式解释了温度与速率的关系以及利用温度与速率的关系进行生产条件的调控：（1）温度升高，速率常数增大；（2）温度对活化能大的反应速率的影响程度要大，所以升高温度，平衡向吸热反应的方向移动；（3）利用温度对活化能不同的反应速率影响程度不同，通过调控温度来提高目标产品的选择性。
来自化学时代，方红梅名师工作室 三维一体化学，有化好好说等，致谢！
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