高中英语必会的8大基本句子成分
http://kuailexuexi.net/data/attachment/forum/20240929/1727564634538_0.png高中英语必会的8大基本句子成分！
无论是“理解”还是“表达”，均需建立在准确理解句子成分基础上。一个句子若没有句子成分的合理架构、有序排列，就会杂乱无章，不知所云。所以，学好语法，应从正确划分句子成分入手。
众所周知，句子有若干个组成部分，它们分别承担着不同的作用，组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种。
一、主语
习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台
在句子中，主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。超然客公众号
真题例句
1. (2020·新课标山东卷)The routewent from our school gate to the foot of the South Mountain.(名词作主语)
2. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ，满分作文)Taking part in a fruit picking activity on a farmis meaningful and rewarding.(动名词短语作主语)
3. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ，书面表达) To start with,what I intend to stressis that we are about to start our next lesson in Classroom 8 of the Teaching Building at 10 a．m. next Friday.(从句作主语)
4. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)The competitionwill begin at 2 pm and last for roughly 3 hours.(名词作主语)
5. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)To let China go to the world and let the world understand Chinais my first aim.(不定式短语作主语)
6. (2019·江苏高考书面表达)Itseems to methatthetraditional Chinese dress will make the occasion very Chinese and inviting to theBritish students.(代词it充当形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)
[名师指津]当从句作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语。
二、谓语
坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系，如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态，如果是被动关系就用被动语态。谓语的构成如下：
真题例句
1. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ) I am writing to ask for your guidance on a short play.(实义动词作谓语)
2. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达) I can give a brief introduction of these masterpieces from the perspective of a native speaker of China.(“情态动词＋实义动词”作谓语)
3. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达) I am good at English and familiar with Chinese paintings.(系表结构作谓语)
1．简单谓语：由一个实义动词或动词短语构成。
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Iam studyingin London during the summer holiday.
(2019·北京高考书面表达)Great changeshave taken placein Tianjin in the last few years.
2．复合谓语：
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；
(2)由系动词加表语构成。
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Through my introduction and efforts Ican strengthenthe friendship between China and Britain.
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)You're an excellent player.
三、宾语
一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”
宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或宾语从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。
真题例句
1. (2020·新课标山东卷) Most of the racers finished the whole course.(名词作宾语)
2. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ) I'm glad to know that you've come to China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown.(从句作宾语)
3. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达) Don't forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers.(不定式作宾语)超然客公众号
1．双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)
(2019·浙江6月高考写作)I want to sendyou my sincere gratitudefor helping with my English learning.(you为间接宾语；my sincere gratitude 为直接宾语)
2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)I would likeyou to give us your guidance and encouragement.(you为宾语；to give us your guidance and encouragement为宾语补足语)
四、表语
最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色
表语一般位于系动词(如be,become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态等，一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
真题例句
1. (2020·新课标山东卷) Needless to say, they were deeply moved.(形容词作表语)
2. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ，书面表达) His main duty is to measure body temperature and check the passes for exit and entry.(不定式作表语)
3. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ，书面表达) My favourite sport is running.(v.ing 作表语)
4. That's why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.(从句作表语)
5. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)So attractive and alivedo they look that I think you could be interested in the exhibition.(形容词作表语)
6. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Tang Poetry iswhat we are going to learn the next class.(从句作表语)超然客公众号
五、定语
鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。
真题例句
1. (2020·浙江卷，应用文写作) I have achieved satisfactory results in recent examinations.(形容词作定语)
2. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ，书面表达)He is a volunteer who works as a gate guard in our community during the epidemic of COVID19 .(从句作定语)
3. The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city.(分词作定语)
4.As you see,the studentsin our schoolare always hard-working.(从句和介词短语作定语)
5. My dreamto be admitted into my favorite universitywill come true.(非谓语动词作后置定语)
六、状语
行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。
高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，故说它对动词“情有独钟”。
真题例句
1. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ，书面表达)Thanks to his efforts in epidemic prevention and control, our neighborhood has been in a good state. (介词短语作状语)
2. (2020·全国卷Ⅲ，书面表达) Looking forward to seeing you soon.(副词作状语)
3. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ，书面表达)To let us experience the life in the countryside, our school organized a fruit-picking activity on a farm last weekend.(不定式短语作状语)
4. (2019·北京卷，书面表达)If you want a deep experience in the city, shared bikes would be the best choice.(从句作状语)超然客公众号
5. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)We are trainingvery hardthese days.(副词作状语)
6. (2019·北京高考书面表达)The next day, we set offearly in the morning.(介词短语作状语)
7. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Here I'd like to inform you of some detailed informationto make you prepare for it.(非谓语动词作状语)
8. (2019·北京高考书面表达)When I came back home,I shared my experiences with my parents.(从句作状语)
七、补语
始终寄人篱下，永远成不了主人
补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句充当。
真题例句
1. (2020·浙江卷，应用文写作) We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.(名词短语作宾补)
2. We'll try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.(形容词作宾补)
3. (2019·江苏高考书面表达)LiJiang will make the Chinese culturebetter knownto British students.(过去分词短语作宾语补足语)
4. He was seenplaying basketballon the playgroundyesterday.(现在分词短语作主语补足语)
八、同位语
总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形”
对句子中的名词(短语)或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪，如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。
真题例句
1.（2019·天津卷，书面表达）I'm Li Jin, a student at Chenguang High School.(名词短语作同位语)
2. Personally，I prefer the tour along the Yangtze River, the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization.(名词短语作同位语)
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)My name is Li Hua,a Chinese student who is taking a summer course in London now.超然客公众号
利用所学知识，结合中文提示补全短文并背诵。
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)
My Weekend
In order to release the pressure resulting from our study，①___________________________________________ (上个周末，我和同学一起去星星农场摘桔子)．
Hardly had we arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches. A farmer told us how to pick oranges. Then each of us carried a basket and a pair of scissors, quickly climbed up the ladder and started to pick oranges.② __________________ (沐浴在阳光下), we sang and laughed while picking oranges. After we paid for the oranges we picked, we prepared to go back to school.
③_________________________(我们度过了多么美好的时光啊)！Not only did it give us relaxation, but also it got us closer to nature.
答案：
①I went to Xingxing Farm to pick some oranges together with my classmates last weekend
②Bathed in sunshine
③What a wonderful time we had
启文养智 善导慧开
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